AHCI RESEARCH GROUP
Publications
Papers published in international journals,
proceedings of conferences, workshops and books.
OUR RESEARCH
Scientific Publications
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2025
Li, H.; Wang, Z.; Liang, W.; Wang, Y.
X’s Day: Personality-Driven Virtual Human Behavior Generation Journal Article
In: IEEE Transactions on Visualization and Computer Graphics, vol. 31, no. 5, pp. 3514–3524, 2025, ISSN: 10772626 (ISSN).
Abstract | Links | BibTeX | Tags: adult, Augmented Reality, Behavior Generation, Chatbots, Computer graphics, computer interface, Contextual Scene, female, human, Human behaviors, Humans, Long-term behavior, male, Novel task, Personality, Personality traits, Personality-driven Behavior, physiology, Social behavior, User-Computer Interface, Users' experiences, Virtual agent, Virtual environments, Virtual humans, Virtual Reality, Young Adult
@article{li_xs_2025,
title = {X’s Day: Personality-Driven Virtual Human Behavior Generation},
author = {H. Li and Z. Wang and W. Liang and Y. Wang},
url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-105003864932&doi=10.1109%2fTVCG.2025.3549574&partnerID=40&md5=a865bbd2b0fa964a4f0f4190955dc787},
doi = {10.1109/TVCG.2025.3549574},
issn = {10772626 (ISSN)},
year = {2025},
date = {2025-01-01},
journal = {IEEE Transactions on Visualization and Computer Graphics},
volume = {31},
number = {5},
pages = {3514–3524},
abstract = {Developing convincing and realistic virtual human behavior is essential for enhancing user experiences in virtual reality (VR) and augmented reality (AR) settings. This paper introduces a novel task focused on generating long-term behaviors for virtual agents, guided by specific personality traits and contextual elements within 3D environments. We present a comprehensive framework capable of autonomously producing daily activities autoregressively. By modeling the intricate connections between personality characteristics and observable activities, we establish a hierarchical structure of Needs, Task, and Activity levels. Integrating a Behavior Planner and a World State module allows for the dynamic sampling of behaviors using large language models (LLMs), ensuring that generated activities remain relevant and responsive to environmental changes. Extensive experiments validate the effectiveness and adaptability of our approach across diverse scenarios. This research makes a significant contribution to the field by establishing a new paradigm for personalized and context-aware interactions with virtual humans, ultimately enhancing user engagement in immersive applications. Our project website is at: https://behavior.agent-x.cn/. © 2025 IEEE. All rights reserved,},
keywords = {adult, Augmented Reality, Behavior Generation, Chatbots, Computer graphics, computer interface, Contextual Scene, female, human, Human behaviors, Humans, Long-term behavior, male, Novel task, Personality, Personality traits, Personality-driven Behavior, physiology, Social behavior, User-Computer Interface, Users' experiences, Virtual agent, Virtual environments, Virtual humans, Virtual Reality, Young Adult},
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Song, T.; Pabst, F.; Eck, U.; Navab, N.
Enhancing Patient Acceptance of Robotic Ultrasound through Conversational Virtual Agent and Immersive Visualizations Journal Article
In: IEEE Transactions on Visualization and Computer Graphics, vol. 31, no. 5, pp. 2901–2911, 2025, ISSN: 10772626 (ISSN).
Abstract | Links | BibTeX | Tags: 3D reconstruction, adult, Augmented Reality, Computer graphics, computer interface, echography, female, human, Humans, Imaging, Intelligent robots, Intelligent virtual agents, Language Model, male, Medical robotics, Middle Aged, Mixed reality, Patient Acceptance of Health Care, patient attitude, Patient comfort, procedures, Real-world, Reality visualization, Robotic Ultrasound, Robotics, Three-Dimensional, three-dimensional imaging, Trust and Acceptance, Ultrasonic applications, Ultrasonic equipment, Ultrasonography, Ultrasound probes, User-Computer Interface, Virtual agent, Virtual assistants, Virtual environments, Virtual Reality, Visual languages, Visualization, Young Adult
@article{song_enhancing_2025,
title = {Enhancing Patient Acceptance of Robotic Ultrasound through Conversational Virtual Agent and Immersive Visualizations},
author = {T. Song and F. Pabst and U. Eck and N. Navab},
url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-105003687673&doi=10.1109%2fTVCG.2025.3549181&partnerID=40&md5=1d46569933582ecf5e967f0794aafc07},
doi = {10.1109/TVCG.2025.3549181},
issn = {10772626 (ISSN)},
year = {2025},
date = {2025-01-01},
journal = {IEEE Transactions on Visualization and Computer Graphics},
volume = {31},
number = {5},
pages = {2901–2911},
abstract = {Robotic ultrasound systems have the potential to improve medical diagnostics, but patient acceptance remains a key challenge. To address this, we propose a novel system that combines an AI-based virtual agent, powered by a large language model (LLM), with three mixed reality visualizations aimed at enhancing patient comfort and trust. The LLM enables the virtual assistant to engage in natural, conversational dialogue with patients, answering questions in any format and offering real-time reassurance, creating a more intelligent and reliable interaction. The virtual assistant is animated as controlling the ultrasound probe, giving the impression that the robot is guided by the assistant. The first visualization employs augmented reality (AR), allowing patients to see the real world and the robot with the virtual avatar superimposed. The second visualization is an augmented virtuality (AV) environment, where the real-world body part being scanned is visible, while a 3D Gaussian Splatting reconstruction of the room, excluding the robot, forms the virtual environment. The third is a fully immersive virtual reality (VR) experience, featuring the same 3D reconstruction but entirely virtual, where the patient sees a virtual representation of their body being scanned in a robot-free environment. In this case, the virtual ultrasound probe, mirrors the movement of the probe controlled by the robot, creating a synchronized experience as it touches and moves over the patient's virtual body. We conducted a comprehensive agent-guided robotic ultrasound study with all participants, comparing these visualizations against a standard robotic ultrasound procedure. Results showed significant improvements in patient trust, acceptance, and comfort. Based on these findings, we offer insights into designing future mixed reality visualizations and virtual agents to further enhance patient comfort and acceptance in autonomous medical procedures. © 1995-2012 IEEE.},
keywords = {3D reconstruction, adult, Augmented Reality, Computer graphics, computer interface, echography, female, human, Humans, Imaging, Intelligent robots, Intelligent virtual agents, Language Model, male, Medical robotics, Middle Aged, Mixed reality, Patient Acceptance of Health Care, patient attitude, Patient comfort, procedures, Real-world, Reality visualization, Robotic Ultrasound, Robotics, Three-Dimensional, three-dimensional imaging, Trust and Acceptance, Ultrasonic applications, Ultrasonic equipment, Ultrasonography, Ultrasound probes, User-Computer Interface, Virtual agent, Virtual assistants, Virtual environments, Virtual Reality, Visual languages, Visualization, Young Adult},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
Afzal, M. Z.; Ali, S. K. A.; Stricker, D.; Eisert, P.; Hilsmann, A.; Perez-Marcos, D.; Bianchi, M.; Crottaz-Herbette, S.; Ioris, R. De; Mangina, E.; Sanguineti, M.; Salaberria, A.; Lacalle, O. Lopez De; Garcia-Pablos, A.; Cuadros, M.
Next Generation XR Systems - Large Language Models Meet Augmented and Virtual Reality Journal Article
In: IEEE Computer Graphics and Applications, vol. 45, no. 1, pp. 43–55, 2025, ISSN: 02721716 (ISSN).
Abstract | Links | BibTeX | Tags: adult, Article, Augmented and virtual realities, Augmented Reality, Awareness, Context-Aware, human, Information Retrieval, Knowledge model, Knowledge reasoning, Knowledge retrieval, Language Model, Large language model, Mixed reality, neurorehabilitation, Position papers, privacy, Real- time, Reasoning, Situational awareness, Virtual environments, Virtual Reality
@article{afzal_next_2025,
title = {Next Generation XR Systems - Large Language Models Meet Augmented and Virtual Reality},
author = {M. Z. Afzal and S. K. A. Ali and D. Stricker and P. Eisert and A. Hilsmann and D. Perez-Marcos and M. Bianchi and S. Crottaz-Herbette and R. De Ioris and E. Mangina and M. Sanguineti and A. Salaberria and O. Lopez De Lacalle and A. Garcia-Pablos and M. Cuadros},
url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-105003598602&doi=10.1109%2fMCG.2025.3548554&partnerID=40&md5=b709a0c8cf47cc55a52cea73eb9ef15d},
doi = {10.1109/MCG.2025.3548554},
issn = {02721716 (ISSN)},
year = {2025},
date = {2025-01-01},
journal = {IEEE Computer Graphics and Applications},
volume = {45},
number = {1},
pages = {43–55},
abstract = {Extended reality (XR) is evolving rapidly, offering new paradigms for human-computer interaction. This position paper argues that integrating large language models (LLMs) with XR systems represents a fundamental shift toward more intelligent, context-aware, and adaptive mixed-reality experiences. We propose a structured framework built on three key pillars: first, perception and situational awareness, second, knowledge modeling and reasoning, and third, visualization and interaction. We believe leveraging LLMs within XR environments enables enhanced situational awareness, real-time knowledge retrieval, and dynamic user interaction, surpassing traditional XR capabilities. We highlight the potential of this integration in neurorehabilitation, safety training, and architectural design while underscoring ethical considerations, such as privacy, transparency, and inclusivity. This vision aims to spark discussion and drive research toward more intelligent, human-centric XR systems. © 2025 IEEE.},
keywords = {adult, Article, Augmented and virtual realities, Augmented Reality, Awareness, Context-Aware, human, Information Retrieval, Knowledge model, Knowledge reasoning, Knowledge retrieval, Language Model, Large language model, Mixed reality, neurorehabilitation, Position papers, privacy, Real- time, Reasoning, Situational awareness, Virtual environments, Virtual Reality},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
Kim, Y.; Aamir, Z.; Singh, M.; Boorboor, S.; Mueller, K.; Kaufman, A. E.
Explainable XR: Understanding User Behaviors of XR Environments Using LLM-Assisted Analytics Framework Journal Article
In: IEEE Transactions on Visualization and Computer Graphics, vol. 31, no. 5, pp. 2756–2766, 2025, ISSN: 10772626 (ISSN).
Abstract | Links | BibTeX | Tags: adult, Agnostic, Article, Assistive, Cross Reality, Data Analytics, Data collection, data interpretation, Data recording, Data visualization, Extended reality, human, Language Model, Large language model, large language models, Multi-modal, Multimodal Data Collection, normal human, Personalized assistive technique, Personalized Assistive Techniques, recorder, Spatio-temporal data, therapy, user behavior, User behaviors, Virtual addresses, Virtual environments, Virtual Reality, Visual analytics, Visual languages
@article{kim_explainable_2025,
title = {Explainable XR: Understanding User Behaviors of XR Environments Using LLM-Assisted Analytics Framework},
author = {Y. Kim and Z. Aamir and M. Singh and S. Boorboor and K. Mueller and A. E. Kaufman},
url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-105003815583&doi=10.1109%2fTVCG.2025.3549537&partnerID=40&md5=1085b698db06656985f80418cb37b773},
doi = {10.1109/TVCG.2025.3549537},
issn = {10772626 (ISSN)},
year = {2025},
date = {2025-01-01},
journal = {IEEE Transactions on Visualization and Computer Graphics},
volume = {31},
number = {5},
pages = {2756–2766},
abstract = {We present Explainable XR, an end-to-end framework for analyzing user behavior in diverse eXtended Reality (XR) environments by leveraging Large Language Models (LLMs) for data interpretation assistance. Existing XR user analytics frameworks face challenges in handling cross-virtuality - AR, VR, MR - transitions, multi-user collaborative application scenarios, and the complexity of multimodal data. Explainable XR addresses these challenges by providing a virtuality-agnostic solution for the collection, analysis, and visualization of immersive sessions. We propose three main components in our framework: (1) A novel user data recording schema, called User Action Descriptor (UAD), that can capture the users' multimodal actions, along with their intents and the contexts; (2) a platform-agnostic XR session recorder, and (3) a visual analytics interface that offers LLM-assisted insights tailored to the analysts' perspectives, facilitating the exploration and analysis of the recorded XR session data. We demonstrate the versatility of Explainable XR by demonstrating five use-case scenarios, in both individual and collaborative XR applications across virtualities. Our technical evaluation and user studies show that Explainable XR provides a highly usable analytics solution for understanding user actions and delivering multifaceted, actionable insights into user behaviors in immersive environments. © 1995-2012 IEEE.},
keywords = {adult, Agnostic, Article, Assistive, Cross Reality, Data Analytics, Data collection, data interpretation, Data recording, Data visualization, Extended reality, human, Language Model, Large language model, large language models, Multi-modal, Multimodal Data Collection, normal human, Personalized assistive technique, Personalized Assistive Techniques, recorder, Spatio-temporal data, therapy, user behavior, User behaviors, Virtual addresses, Virtual environments, Virtual Reality, Visual analytics, Visual languages},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
Stacchio, L.; Balloni, E.; Frontoni, E.; Paolanti, M.; Zingaretti, P.; Pierdicca, R.
MineVRA: Exploring the Role of Generative AI-Driven Content Development in XR Environments through a Context-Aware Approach Journal Article
In: IEEE Transactions on Visualization and Computer Graphics, vol. 31, no. 5, pp. 3602–3612, 2025, ISSN: 10772626 (ISSN).
Abstract | Links | BibTeX | Tags: adult, Article, Artificial intelligence, Computer graphics, Computer vision, Content Development, Contents development, Context-Aware, Context-aware approaches, Extended reality, female, Generative adversarial networks, Generative AI, generative artificial intelligence, human, Human-in-the-loop, Immersive, Immersive environment, male, Multi-modal, User need, Virtual environments, Virtual Reality
@article{stacchio_minevra_2025,
title = {MineVRA: Exploring the Role of Generative AI-Driven Content Development in XR Environments through a Context-Aware Approach},
author = {L. Stacchio and E. Balloni and E. Frontoni and M. Paolanti and P. Zingaretti and R. Pierdicca},
url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-105003746367&doi=10.1109%2fTVCG.2025.3549160&partnerID=40&md5=70b162b574eebbb0cb71db871aa787e1},
doi = {10.1109/TVCG.2025.3549160},
issn = {10772626 (ISSN)},
year = {2025},
date = {2025-01-01},
journal = {IEEE Transactions on Visualization and Computer Graphics},
volume = {31},
number = {5},
pages = {3602–3612},
abstract = {The convergence of Artificial Intelligence (AI), Computer Vision (CV), Computer Graphics (CG), and Extended Reality (XR) is driving innovation in immersive environments. A key challenge in these environments is the creation of personalized 3D assets, traditionally achieved through manual modeling, a time-consuming process that often fails to meet individual user needs. More recently, Generative AI (GenAI) has emerged as a promising solution for automated, context-aware content generation. In this paper, we present MineVRA (Multimodal generative artificial iNtelligence for contExt-aware Virtual Reality Assets), a novel Human-In-The-Loop (HITL) XR framework that integrates GenAI to facilitate coherent and adaptive 3D content generation in immersive scenarios. To evaluate the effectiveness of this approach, we conducted a comparative user study analyzing the performance and user satisfaction of GenAI-generated 3D objects compared to those generated by Sketchfab in different immersive contexts. The results suggest that GenAI can significantly complement traditional 3D asset libraries, with valuable design implications for the development of human-centered XR environments. © 1995-2012 IEEE.},
keywords = {adult, Article, Artificial intelligence, Computer graphics, Computer vision, Content Development, Contents development, Context-Aware, Context-aware approaches, Extended reality, female, Generative adversarial networks, Generative AI, generative artificial intelligence, human, Human-in-the-loop, Immersive, Immersive environment, male, Multi-modal, User need, Virtual environments, Virtual Reality},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
2024
Scott, A. J. S.; McCuaig, F.; Lim, V.; Watkins, W.; Wang, J.; Strachan, G.
Revolutionizing Nurse Practitioner Training: Integrating Virtual Reality and Large Language Models for Enhanced Clinical Education Proceedings Article
In: G., Strudwick; N.R., Hardiker; G., Rees; R., Cook; R., Cook; Y.J., Lee (Ed.): Stud. Health Technol. Informatics, pp. 671–672, IOS Press BV, 2024, ISBN: 09269630 (ISSN); 978-164368527-4 (ISBN).
Abstract | Links | BibTeX | Tags: 3D modeling, 3D models, 3d-modeling, adult, anamnesis, clinical decision making, clinical education, Clinical Simulation, Computational Linguistics, computer interface, Computer-Assisted Instruction, conference paper, Curriculum, Decision making, E-Learning, Education, Health care education, Healthcare Education, human, Humans, Language Model, Large language model, large language models, Mesh generation, Model animations, Modeling languages, nurse practitioner, Nurse Practitioners, Nursing, nursing education, nursing student, OSCE preparation, procedures, simulation, Teaching, therapy, Training, Training program, User-Computer Interface, Virtual Reality, Virtual reality training
@inproceedings{scott_revolutionizing_2024,
title = {Revolutionizing Nurse Practitioner Training: Integrating Virtual Reality and Large Language Models for Enhanced Clinical Education},
author = {A. J. S. Scott and F. McCuaig and V. Lim and W. Watkins and J. Wang and G. Strachan},
editor = {Strudwick G. and Hardiker N.R. and Rees G. and Cook R. and Cook R. and Lee Y.J.},
url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85199593781&doi=10.3233%2fSHTI240272&partnerID=40&md5=90c7bd43ba978f942723e6cf1983ffb3},
doi = {10.3233/SHTI240272},
isbn = {09269630 (ISSN); 978-164368527-4 (ISBN)},
year = {2024},
date = {2024-01-01},
booktitle = {Stud. Health Technol. Informatics},
volume = {315},
pages = {671–672},
publisher = {IOS Press BV},
abstract = {This project introduces an innovative virtual reality (VR) training program for student Nurse Practitioners, incorporating advanced 3D modeling, animation, and Large Language Models (LLMs). Designed to simulate realistic patient interactions, the program aims to improve communication, history taking, and clinical decision-making skills in a controlled, authentic setting. This abstract outlines the methods, results, and potential impact of this cutting-edge educational tool on nursing education. © 2024 The Authors.},
keywords = {3D modeling, 3D models, 3d-modeling, adult, anamnesis, clinical decision making, clinical education, Clinical Simulation, Computational Linguistics, computer interface, Computer-Assisted Instruction, conference paper, Curriculum, Decision making, E-Learning, Education, Health care education, Healthcare Education, human, Humans, Language Model, Large language model, large language models, Mesh generation, Model animations, Modeling languages, nurse practitioner, Nurse Practitioners, Nursing, nursing education, nursing student, OSCE preparation, procedures, simulation, Teaching, therapy, Training, Training program, User-Computer Interface, Virtual Reality, Virtual reality training},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {inproceedings}
}